{"id":1263,"date":"2017-11-21T09:38:59","date_gmt":"2017-11-21T09:38:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.moneyacademics.com\/?page_id=1263"},"modified":"2025-09-24T09:06:20","modified_gmt":"2025-09-24T09:06:20","slug":"common-terms","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.moneyacademics.com\/?page_id=1263","title":{"rendered":"Common Terms"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1263\" class=\"elementor elementor-1263\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5c99ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5c99ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1cabc86\" data-id=\"1cabc86\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-bbfd240 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"bbfd240\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-381b155\" data-id=\"381b155\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3052da4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-rt-title\" data-id=\"3052da4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"rt-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"rt-vc-title style3\" style=\"text-align: center\">\n    <div>\n                    <h2>Common Terms<\/h2>\n                            <p class=\"rtin-subtitle\">Key terms, in essence, are words or phrases that are central to a specific topic or subject area. They act as the \"means of exchange\" within a discipline, helping individuals understand and engage with the subject matter. These terms are often found in academic writing, research papers, and specialized fields, where precision and clarity are crucial. <\/p>\n            <\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edd7ace elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edd7ace\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48cdd5a\" data-id=\"48cdd5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc1a96f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"dc1a96f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2301\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2301\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ECONOMICS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2302\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2302\" aria-expanded=\"false\">MANAGEMENT<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2301\" aria-expanded=\"false\">ECONOMICS<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2301\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2301\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><ul><li><strong>Aggregate Demand \u2013<\/strong> Total demand for goods and services in an economy.<\/li><li><strong>Aggregate Supply \u2013<\/strong> Total supply of goods and services available in an economy<\/li><li><strong>Balance of Payments (BoP) \u2013<\/strong> Record of all economic transactions between residents of a country &amp; the rest of the world.<\/li><li><strong>Budget Deficit \u2013<\/strong> When government expenditures exceed revenue.<\/li><li><strong>Capital Formation \u2013<\/strong> Increase in physical capital in an economy<\/li><li><strong>Consumer Surplus \u2013<\/strong> Difference between what a consumer is willing to pay and what they actually pay.<\/li><li><strong>Crowding Out \u2013<\/strong> Reduction in private investment due to increased government borrowing.<\/li><li><strong>Deflation \u2013<\/strong> Persistent fall in the general price level.<\/li><li><strong>Depreciation \u2013<\/strong> Decrease in value of a currency in a floating exchange rate system.<\/li><li><strong>Dumping \u2013<\/strong> Selling goods in a foreign market at a lower price than the domestic market.<\/li><li><strong>Elasticity of Demand \u2013<\/strong> Measure of how demand changes with price or income changes.<\/li><li><strong>Externalities \u2013<\/strong> Costs or benefits that affect third parties.<\/li><li><strong>Fiscal Deficit \u2013<\/strong> Total borrowing requirement of the government<\/li><li><strong>Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) \u2013<\/strong> Investment from one country into business interests in another.<\/li><li><strong>GDP (Gross Domestic Product) \u2013<\/strong> Total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given<br \/>period.<\/li><li><strong>GNP (Gross National Product) \u2013<\/strong> GDP plus net income from abroad.<\/li><li><strong>Human Capital \u2013<\/strong> The skills and knowledge of the workforce.<\/li><li><strong>Inflation \u2013<\/strong> Rise in the general price level of goods and services.<\/li><li><strong>Interest Rate \u2013<\/strong> Cost of borrowing money or return on savings.<\/li><li><strong>Investment Multiplier \u2013<\/strong> Ratio of change in income to the change in investment.<\/li><li><strong>IS-LM Model \u2013<\/strong> Shows equilibrium in the goods and money markets.<\/li><li><strong>Laffer Curve \u2013<\/strong> Shows the relationship between tax rates and tax revenue.<\/li><li><strong>Lorenz Curve \u2013<\/strong> Graphical representation of income or wealth distribution.<\/li><li><strong>Marginal Cost \u2013<\/strong> Cost of producing one more unit of a good.<\/li><li><strong>Marginal Utility \u2013<\/strong> Additional satisfaction from consuming one more unit of a good.<\/li><li><strong>Microeconomics \u2013<\/strong> Study of individual units in an economy.<\/li><li><strong>Macroeconomics \u2013<\/strong> Study of the economy as a whole.<\/li><li><strong>Monetary Policy \u2013<\/strong> Central bank actions to control money supply and interest rates.<\/li><li><strong>Monopoly \u2013<\/strong> Market with only one seller.<\/li><li><strong>Oligopoly \u2013<\/strong> Market dominated by a few large firms.<\/li><li><strong>Opportunity Cost \u2013<\/strong> The next best alternative foregone.<\/li><li><strong>Phillips Curve \u2013<\/strong> Shows the trade-off between inflation and unemployment.<\/li><li><strong>Price Ceiling \u2013<\/strong> Maximum legal price that can be charged.<\/li><li><strong>Price Floor \u2013<\/strong> Minimum legal price that can be paid.<\/li><li><strong>Public Goods \u2013<\/strong> Non-excludable and non-rivalrous goods.<\/li><li><strong>Quantitative Easing \u2013<\/strong> Central bank policy to increase money supply.<\/li><li><strong>Recession \u2013<\/strong> Decline in economic activity for two consecutive quarters<\/li><li><strong>Sovereign Debt \u2013<\/strong> Government debt issued in domestic or foreign currency.<\/li><li><strong>Stagflation \u2013<\/strong> High inflation and high unemployment simultaneously.<\/li><li><strong>Subsidy \u2013<\/strong> Financial support from the government to reduce costs.<\/li><li><strong>Supply Shock \u2013<\/strong> Sudden disruption in supply, affecting prices and output.<\/li><li><strong>Tax Incidence \u2013<\/strong> Distribution of tax burden between buyers and sellers.<\/li><li><strong>Terms of Trade \u2013<\/strong> Ratio of export prices to import prices.<\/li><li><strong>Trade Deficit \u2013<\/strong> When imports exceed exports.<\/li><li><strong>Unemployment Rate \u2013<\/strong> Percentage of the labour force that is unemployed.<\/li><li><strong>Utility \u2013<\/strong> Satisfaction derived from consuming goods or services.<\/li><li><strong>Value Added \u2013<\/strong> Difference between the value of output and intermediate consumption.<\/li><li><strong>WTO (World Trade Organisation) \u2013<\/strong> International body regulating global trade.<\/li><li><strong>Zero-Based Budgeting \u2013<\/strong> Every expense must be justified for each new period.<\/li><li><strong>Monetary Neutrality \u2013<\/strong> Idea that changes in money supply only affect nominal variables.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2302\" aria-expanded=\"false\">MANAGEMENT<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2302\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2302\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><ul><li><strong>Accountability \u2013<\/strong> Responsibility for outcomes or performance.<\/li><li><strong>Appraisal \u2013<\/strong> Evaluation of employee performance.<\/li><li><strong>Benchmarking \u2013<\/strong> Comparing business processes to industry best practices.<\/li><li><strong>Brainstorming \u2013<\/strong> Technique to generate creative ideas.<\/li><li><strong>Brand Equity \u2013<\/strong> Value of a brand in the market.<\/li><li><strong>Business Model \u2013<\/strong> Framework for how a company creates and delivers value.<\/li><li><strong>Capital Budgeting \u2013<\/strong> Process of evaluating investment projects.<\/li><li><strong>Change Management \u2013<\/strong> Structured approach to transition from current to desired state.<\/li><li><strong>Conflict Resolution \u2013<\/strong> Methods to resolve workplace disagreements.<\/li><li><strong>Contingency Planning \u2013<\/strong> Preparing for unexpected situations.<\/li><li><strong>Corporate Governance \u2013<\/strong> Rules and practices to control and direct a company.<\/li><li><strong>Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) \u2013<\/strong> Business commitment to social &amp; environmental responsibilities.<\/li><li><strong>Critical Path Method (CPM) \u2013<\/strong> Project management tool for scheduling tasks.<\/li><li><strong>Customer Relationship Management (CRM) \u2013<\/strong> Strategies to manage customer interactions.<\/li><li><strong>Decision-Making \u2013<\/strong> Choosing among alternatives.<\/li><li><strong>Delegation \u2013<\/strong> Assigning responsibility to subordinates.<\/li><li><strong>Diversity Management \u2013<\/strong> Managing workforce diversity for inclusivity.<\/li><li><strong>Downsizing \u2013<\/strong> Reducing workforce to cut costs.<\/li><li>\u00a0<strong>Entrepreneurship \u2013<\/strong> Process of starting and running a business.<\/li><li><strong>ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) \u2013<\/strong> Integrated software for business processes.<\/li><li><strong>Forecasting \u2013<\/strong> Predicting future trends or outcomes.<\/li><li><strong>Functional Structure \u2013<\/strong> Organizational layout based on functions.<\/li><li><strong>Goal Setting \u2013<\/strong> Defining targets for teams or individuals.<\/li><li><strong>Incentive Systems \u2013<\/strong> Rewards for motivating employee performance.<\/li><li><strong>Innovation \u2013<\/strong> Process of creating new products, services, or processes.<\/li><li><strong>Job Enrichment \u2013<\/strong> Increasing job responsibilities to enhance satisfaction.<\/li><li><strong>Just-in-Time (JIT) \u2013<\/strong> Inventory system to reduce waste.<\/li><li><strong>Kaizen \u2013<\/strong> Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement.<\/li><li><strong>Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) \u2013<\/strong> Metrics to evaluate success.<\/li><li><strong>Knowledge Management \u2013<\/strong> Handling and sharing of knowledge in an organization.<\/li><li><strong>Leadership \u2013<\/strong> Influencing and guiding others.<\/li><li><strong>Lean Management \u2013<\/strong> Minimizing waste while maximizing value.<\/li><li><strong>Managerial Grid \u2013<\/strong> Leadership style framework.<\/li><li><strong>Marketing Mix (4Ps) \u2013<\/strong> Product, Price, Place, Promotion.<\/li><li><strong>Mission Statement \u2013<\/strong> Organization\u2019s purpose and values.<\/li><li><strong>Motivation Theories \u2013<\/strong> Theories explaining employee drive (e.g., Maslow, Herzberg).<\/li><li><strong>Negotiation \u2013<\/strong> Process of reaching mutual agreement.<\/li><li><strong>Networking \u2013<\/strong> Building professional relationships.<\/li><li><strong>Operations Management \u2013<\/strong> Managing production and delivery of goods\/services.<\/li><li><strong>Organizational Culture \u2013<\/strong> Shared values and behaviors in a company.<\/li><li><strong>Outsourcing \u2013<\/strong> Contracting tasks to external parties.<\/li><li><strong>Performance Management \u2013<\/strong> Monitoring and improving employee output.<\/li><li><strong>Planning \u2013<\/strong> Setting objectives and determining actions.<\/li><li><strong>Portfolio Management \u2013<\/strong> Managing a collection of projects or investments.<\/li><li><strong>Productivity \u2013<\/strong> Output per unit of input.<\/li><li><strong>Quality Assurance \u2013<\/strong> Ensuring consistent quality in output.<\/li><li><strong>Recruitment \u2013<\/strong> Hiring new talent.<\/li><li><strong>Stakeholder \u2013<\/strong> Any party affected by company activities.<\/li><li><strong>Strategic Management \u2013<\/strong> Long-term planning and execution.<\/li><li><strong>Vision Statement \u2013<\/strong> Future goals and aspirations of an organization.<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Common Terms Key terms, in essence, are words or phrases that are central to a specific topic or subject area. 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